To satisfy special operational requirement at certain high density traffic airports having complex airspace structure.
Weather
METAR
TAF
FD
GFA
NOTAM
ATIS
VISUAL.
Weather minima for VFR aircraft
Uncontrolled Airspace.
Controlled Zone.
Other controlled airspace.
SVFR.
Night.
VFR Over-the-Top:
VFR-OTT qualified
Day only.
Operated at least 1000’ vertical distance from cloud.
Visibility must be at least five miles.
When operating between two layers, those layers must be at least 5000’ apart.
Weight and Balance
An airplane must only be flown within certificated limits of weight and balance to ensure that it remains controllable, performs adequately and is not overstressed.
Correct weight and balance means:
Maximum allowable weight is not exceeded
Center of gravity (CG) is within a specified range.
Calculate
Take-off and landing weights
Make sure aircraft is within C of G limits.
Aft Center of Gravity
More efficient but decreases stability.
Less than usual back pressure on take off and landing.
Chance of tail strike on landing.
Lower stall speed but stall characteristic can be dangerous. (recovery may even be impossible because the pilot is running out of elevator control).
Tail may drop instead of the nose.
Forward Center of Gravity
Decreases performance.
Apply more than usual back pressure at rotation.
Apply more than usual back pressure for landing and makes flaring for landing more difficult.
Chance of wheelbarrowing or even pop strike.
Higher stall speed.
The nose will tend to drop more than usual at stall.
Performance: calculate take off distance
Determine the weight of aircraft for take-off
Determine the pressure altitude for the aerodrome (METAR/TAF).
Determine the temperature at the aerodrome (METAR/TAF).
Determine the wind component (METAR/TAF, RUNWAY, CROWWIND GRAPH)
Performance: calculate Time, fuel and distance to climb
Determine pressure altitude on the ground.
Determine pressure altitude for the cruise altitude.
You may need to interpolate between the number if your pressure altitudes are not even 1000’s feet.
Calculate cruise performance
With :
Pressure altitude.
Temprature.
Power (RPM).
refer to POH diagram to get
airspeed
fuel consumption.
Performance: calculate landing distance
Determine the weight of aircraft for landing.
Determine the pressure altitude for the aerodrome (METAR/TAF).
Determine the temperature at the aerodrome (METAR/TAF).
Determine the wind component (METAR/TAF, RUNWAY, CROWWIND GRAPH)
Airspeed calibration
Calculate the TAS by using Performance chart.
Calculate CAS using the flight computer to correct our TAS for temperature and pressure.
Calculate IAS by corrected our CAS with airspeed calibration chart.
Definition
Track = without wind.
Heading = with wind.
True track:
The patch the aircraft follows over the ground relative to the true north (line draw on the map).
Magnetic track:
The patch the aircraft follows over the ground relative to the magnetic north.
True heading:
The direction of the aircraft is pointing relative to the true north.
Magnetic heading:
The direction of the aircraft is pointing relative to the magnetic north. (It’s this heading that you follow during your navigation).
Variation:
Degrees difference between true north and true heading.
Navigation preparation: Part1
Select route:
Find set heading point.
Make it as straight as possible.
Note Airspace Restrictions
Check airport advisory for destination.
Draw line to SHP.
Draw line from SHP to Destination/Turn Point.
Draw 10° drift lines.
Make mark at the midpoint of each leg.
Make mark at 10 NM intervals.
Make mark for each check points.
Determine MOCA for each leg.
Determine True Track for each leg.
Determine average variation for each leg.
Note alternate airports enroute
Mark airport frequencies.
Navigation preparation: Part 2
Check:
Weather.
Make GO/NO GO decision.
Notams.
Calculate:
Weight and Balance.
Determine cruising altitudes.
Take-off distance, time and fuel distance to climb.
Crosswind components
Landing distance.
Fuel burn + reserve fuel and add 20%.
Cruise performance : TAS/ CAS/ IAS.
True heading.
Magnetic heading.
Ground speed.
Departure time.
ETE – Estimated Time Enroute. (for each leg).
ETA – Estimated Time for Arrival.
Complete the flight planning form.
Flight plan/itinerary complete and file.
Departure procedures
Overhead departure:
Set heading over the airport
Advantage:
If you are unfamiliar with area and there are no obvious landmark near by.
Disadvantage:
Use time and fuel to circle over the airport.
It can be difficult to get clearance for this type of departure within a control zone.
Enroute Climb:
Take off, climb to a safe altitude and turn to intercept track
Advantage:
Most direct way.
Useful when departing from unfamiliar airports.
using first check point to confirm track.
Disadvantage:
easy to fly past your track.
Set heading point:
Set heading at a distinct landmark or a familiar point near the airport.
Advantage:
Most efficient method to use.
Allows you to concentrate on departure procedures.
Disadvantage:
Can be difficult at unfamiliar airport with no obvious landmarks nearby.