Instrument Flying
Partial panel
Objectives
- To know how to use partial panel for:
- Straight and level flight.
- Climbing.
- Descending.
- Standard rate turns.
- Climbing and descending turns.
- Timed turn.
Why ?
- If a gyroscopic instrument is toppled, becomes unserviceable or the power sources for the instruments fails, you will have to continue the flight using partial panel.
Review
- Gyroscopic Instruments may be powered by:
- A vacuum/ pressure system
- Electrically powered.
- Typical training aircraft will have vacuum attitude and heading indicator and electric turn coordinator.
- Vacuum failure (suction 0):
- Attitude indicator tumble.
- heading indicator spin (some of them have a red flag).
Partial panel instruments
- The term partial panel refers to instrument flying while the attitude indicator and heading indicator are either not fitted on the panel or are unserviceable.
- Pitch instruments – partial panel
- Altimeter (ALT).
- Airspeed indicator (ASI).
- Vertical speed indicator (VSI).
- Bank instruments – partial panel
- Turn coordinator (TC).
- Magnetic compass (M).
- Power instruments – partial panel
- Airspeed indicator (ASI).
- Engine instruments.
- Manifold pressure gauge (MP).
- Tachometer (RPM).
Straight and level flight: full panel
- Pitch:
- Primary: Attitude indicator.
- Secondary: Altimeter, Vertical Speed Indicator.
- Bank:
- Primary: Attitude Indicator.
- Secondary: Heading Indicator, Turn Coordinator.
- Power:
- Primary: Airspeed Indicator.
- Secondary: Manifold pressure gauge, Tachometer.
Straight and level flight: partial panel
- Pitch:
- Primary: Altimeter.
- Secondary: Vertical Speed Indicator.
- Bank:
- Primary: Turn Coordinator.
- Secondary: Magnetic Compass.
- Power:
- Primary: Airspeed Indicator.
- Secondary: Manifold pressure gauge, Tachometer.
Scan technique: Straight and Level flight partial panel
- What information do I need ?
- Pitch, speed, altitude, heading.
- Which instrument give me the needed?
- Turn Coordinator.
- Altimeter.
- Aispeed indicator.
- Is the Information reliable ?
- Confirm the reliability of the turn coordinator by referring to the magnetic compass.
- Confirm the reliability of the altimeter by referring to the vertical speed indicator and the airspeed indicator.
Climb or descent straight, constant airspeed: full panel
- Pitch:
- Primary: Attitude Indicator, Airspeed Indicator.
- Secondary: Vertical Speed Indicator.
- Bank:
- Primary: Attitude Indicator.
- Secondary: Heading Indicator, Tunr Coordinator.
- Power:
- Primary: Tachometer.
- Secondary: Airspeed Indicator.
Climb or descent straight, constant airspeed: partial panel
- Pitch:
- Primary: Airspeed Indicator.
- Secondary: Altimeter, Vertical Speed Indicator.
- Bank:
- Primary: Turn Coordinator.
- Secondary: Magnetic Compass.
- Power:
- Primary:
- Secondary: Airspeed Indicator.
Scan technique: Climb or Descent constant airspeed partial panel
- What information do I need ?
- Pitch, speed, altitude, heading.
- Which instrument give me the needed?
- Altimeter.
- Aispeed indicator.
- Is the Information reliable ?
- Confirm the reliability of the turn coordinator by referring to the magnetic compass.
- Confirm the reliability of the airspeed indicator by referring to the altimeter and the vertical speed indicator.
Climb or Descent straight constant rate: full panel
- Pitch:
- Primary: Attitude Indicator.
- Secondary: Vertical speed Indicator.
- Bank:
- Primary: Attitude indicator.
- Secondary: Heading Indicator, Turn Coordinator.
- Power:
- Primary: Airspeed indicator.
- Secondary: Tachometer.
Climb or Descent straight constant rate: partial panel
- Pitch:
- Primary: Vertical speed Indicator.
- Secondary: Altimeter.
- Bank:
- Primary: Turn Coordinator.
- Secondary: Magnetic Compass.
- Power:
- Primary: Airspeed indicator.
- Secondary: Tachometer.
Scan technique: Climb or Descent Level off partial panel
- What information do I need?
- Heading, Altitude
- Which instruments give me the needed information?
- Turn coordinator.
- Altimeter.
- Is the information reliable?
- Confirm the reliability of the Turn coordinator by referring to the Magnetic compass.
- Confirm the reliability of the altimeter by referring to the vertical speed indicator and the airspeed indicator.
Timed turn partial panel
- The compass, is useless during a turn—therefore we have to time standard-rate turns using the turn coordinator and a clock or watch.
- Use the following method:
- Find the number of degrees required to turn (left or right) to the prescribed heading and divide this number by 3—that is 3° per second. Then begin the timed turn.
- At rate one 360° will take 120 sec (360/3 = 120)
- 180 ° = 60 sec
- 90 ° = 30 sec
- 30 ° – 10 sec
- Step by step:
- Be sure to in straight and level flight, check:
- Airspeed indicator-stabilize
- Turn coordinator-wing level.
- Altimeter-stabilize.
- Check compass for heading.
- Calculate the time to turn at the heading desired.
- Start clock and roll in.
- Check turn coordinator for rate one.
- At the end of the clock roll out and wing level.
- Confirm wing level with TC, airspeed indicator, altimeter.
- Check compass.
Scan technique: Timed turn partial panel
- What information do I need ?
- Time and altitude.
- Which instrument give me the needed?
- Clock or watch.
- Altimeter.
- Turn coordinator.
- Is the Information reliable ?
- Confirm the reliability of the turn coordinator by referring to the magnetic compass.
- Confirm the reliability of the altimeter by referring to the vertical speed indicator and the Airspeed indicator.
Review questions
- What is the scan technique for partial panel leveling off?
- What is the scan technique for partial panel leveling off?
- What is the scan technique for partial panel Climb or descent straight, constant airspeed ?
- What is the scan technique for partial panel Timed turn?
- What instrument will be affected if you lose suction (vacuum gauge 0) ?
- What are the pitch, bank and power instruments in a partial panel ?
